Removal of lead ions from wastewater using raw and activated carbon of Pterocarpus santalinoides shell

Removing toxic metals from the environment is a primary concern for researchers because of their hazardous effects. In this study, raw and activated Pterocarpus santalinoides shell was utilized in removal lead (Pb) metal an aqueous solution. The prepared adsorbents were analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineral composition to identify structural understand adsorption mechanism. influence various variables such as dose adsorbents, initial concentration metal, contact time, solution temperature, isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamic parameters studied. Adsorption efficiencies capacities calculated. Based on results generated, two different utilised showed good alternative commercial materials, with greater than 80%. Langmuir isotherm pseudo-second-order model fits experimental data. Moreover, revealed that Pb ions via carbon endothermic spontaneous process. According research, shell, being agricultural waste, might be explored efficient adsorbent extracting wastewater.